exendin-4 vs glp-1 A Novel Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonist with Improved Efficacy in Insulin Secretion and β-Cell Growth The Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)

India has over 77 million adults with diabetes as of 2025

Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Patients With Heart Failure: Proposal of a Novel Mechanism of Action

CMLS Cell Mol Life Sci

Chen M, Lyu Y, Zhao J, Han X, Huang T, Yang T, et al

Starting with a lower dose and increasing gradually helps minimize these effects

Common side effects include: Gastrointestinal Issues - This is the most common side effect, including constipation, cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and belching Fatigue Dizziness Allergic reactions, such as itching or rashes Injection site reactions (redness, swelling) Rare and more serious side effects can include: Pancreatitis Gallbladder issues Thyroid tumours Kidney problems Severe allergic reactions such as difficulty breathing and swelling of the face, lips, or throat Diabetic retinopathy Severe changes in mood or behaviour Please note that the more serious side effects are very rare