Neuropharmacology 99, 471480
The first and rate-limiting step is catalyzed by the enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), which fuses glutamate and cysteine
Each needle pass creates a channel that temporarily bypasses the epidermal barrier, providing a direct path from the skin surface into the dermis
Enhanced Healing of Injured Tissues Beyond its effects on inflammation and pain, BPC-157 has been noted for its ability to accelerate the healing of injured tissues
Uncommon Side Effects Less frequently reported effects include mild lightheadedness (potentially copper-related), temporary nausea or headache that typically resolves within hours, and rare transient fatigue at higher doses
Some studies suggest that GHK-Cu fragments or metabolites might still have biological activity even if the intact peptide is not fully absorbed