The copper atom itself plays a role here, because copper-dependent enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) are central to endogenous antioxidant defense
Bacterial growth (reconstituted forms): Even with bacteriostatic water, some bacterial growth is possible at room temperature over time
The inclusion of all eight B vitamins ensures a comprehensive approach to supporting energy levels and cognitive function
10.1007/s13277-014-2917-6 40 Garcia-VilasJ
Also, don't take astaxanthin if you're allergic or sensitive to: Similar carotenoids, such as canthaxanthin A source of astaxanthin, such as the algae that produce it Medicines that inhibit 5-alpha-reductase, such as dutasteride (Avodart, Jalyn) or finasteride (Propecia, Proscar) Avoid the supplement if you're pregnant or might become pregnant
Individuals at risk of B12 deficiency, such as those following a vegan or vegetarian diet, older adults, and those with gastrointestinal disorders, may benefit from B12 shots