Saline or Buffers: Saline solutions (like 0.9% NaCl) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) are sometimes used, especially if the peptide is intended for injection and an isotonic solution is desired
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Although cytokines are mainly produced by the immune system, there is also an unclear link between neuroinflammation and these peripheral proinflammatory cytokines (201)
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This suggests the role of betacaryophyllene in reducing the inflammation associated with IC (Berger et al., 2019)
Cystinosin deficiency leads to impaired lysosomal clearance and disrupted endolysosomal trafficking, which in turn contributes to defective autophagy and altered proteostasis [144, 146, 147]