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The average absorption rate of a oral supplement is only 45 % compared with 90% via an IM shot

Here's exactly how it works, what the science does and doesn't yet show, and how it's used safely under medical supervision

"Vitamin B12 deficiency and use of proton pump inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis"

Gastrointestinal conditions represent the most common causes of malabsorption

in this form it is essential for conversion of methylmalonate to succinate and synthesis of methionine from homocysteine (a reaction which also requires folate)

Concentrated formula ensures optimal dosage for maximum effectiveness