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Route of administration is not a convenience choiceit's a mechanistic requirement

Cochrane review)

Unlike retinoids or exfoliating acids, they do not typically cause irritation, peeling, or photosensitivity

Each 10C increase roughly doubles reaction rates, which is why refrigeration (versus room temperature) dramatically extends shelf life

The biphasic response suggests possible mechanisms: lower doses (nanogram range) might work through growth factor upregulation and signaling cascade amplification, while higher doses (microgram range) might involve direct receptor activation or substrate provision for cellular repair

S., & Mouly, V