This article covers what the published evidence base actually contains, what animal models suggest about long-term risk, what mechanistic predictions we can make from NNMT biology, and what questions remain unanswered in human populations
Medications : Some medications, such as metformin and proton pump inhibitors, can interfere with B12 absorption, necessitating more regular injections
The oral administration of B12 (in pill form) carries significant drawbacks: Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the terminal ileum
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Elderly Individuals : The stomach acid formation decreases with age and stomach acid is necessary for the intake of vitamin B12 from the diet
While hyperhomocysteinemia may increase the risk of cognitive impairment and age-related neurodegenerative disease (e.g., Alzheimers disease), it is not clear whether vitamin B 12 deficiency contributes to the risk of dementia in the elderly