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The science is biologically plausible, the early findings are encouraging, and the available safety data appears favorable, but its important to be transparent about what we know, what we dont know, and where the evidence still needs to mature

Other groups who may benefit include: Patients following gastric surgery (gastrectomy, bariatric procedures) where intrinsic factor production or absorption sites are compromised Individuals with malabsorption disorders such as Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or chronic pancreatitis Strict vegans and vegetarians with dietary insufficiency, though oral supplementation is usually tried first Elderly patients with atrophic gastritis or reduced gastric acid production Patients on long-term metformin or proton pump inhibitors, which can impair B12 absorption [6] [8] Individuals with nitrous oxide exposure (recreational or medical), which can cause functional B12 deficiency Diagnosis typically involves serum B12 measurement, with levels below approximately 148 pmol/L (though thresholds vary between laboratories) generally indicating deficiency

When nasal delivery may be preferred Despite lower bioavailability, nasal delivery offers advantages that make it preferable for certain research scenarios
Stability and Pharmacokinetics: Selank can successfully pass the BBB when administered subcutaneously or via injection
Pushing the plunger too quickly increases pressure inside the muscle and creates a sharper ache