3.4.1 Oxidative stress-endocrine axis integration ROS accumulation triggers activation of stress-activated protein kinases (JNK/p38 pathway), which subsequently inhibits AR transcriptional activity, creating a cascade that disrupts testosterone synthesis (52)
It also appears in peripheral organs and body fluids, suggesting systemic regulatory functions beyond the central nervous system
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We also highlight some of the cellular and animal models currently used in Parkinson research, such rotenone, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and paraquat as inducers, which have many similar features with this disease