In people with T2DM, the GIP response is enhanced [11], whereas the GLP-1 response is reduced compared to healthy people [12]
The elevated export of GSH might reflect an adaptive response of the cell to supply cysteine via the -glutamyl cycle 6
Continuous GLP-1RA use for three years was associated with the greatest reduction in MACE risk compared with sulfonylureas, whereas interruptions and discontinuations were associated with a progressive attenuation of this protective effect, with risk estimates in some scenarios approaching those of the comparator group
vitamin C to boost glutathione in red blood cells
These results, allied to recent meta-analyses from limited clinical trial data, underscore the need for a dedicated cardiorenal outcome trial to obtain direct evidence for the (cardiorenal) benefits and risks of SGLT2 inhibitor and GLP-1 RA combination therapy
27 In CY-5 experiments, replacing Arg 18 from GCG with Ala simultaneously improved both the GLP-1 and GIP activity