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Caspases can serve different roles in the apoptotic cascade: some act as initiators (e.g., caspase-8, caspase-9), while others function as effectors (e.g., caspase-3, -6, -7), ultimately executing apoptosis by cleaving essential cellular proteins [159]

PMC 10118741

Sasai Y et al

These perturbations lead to the release of mtDAMPs, rewire immune cell metabolism toward pro-inflammatory or immunosuppressive phenotypes, and impair the bioenergetic capacity needed for effective host defense and tissue repair ( Figure 2 )

Smokers or corticosteroid users may require higher doses to overcome suppression of GH release

Raw gene expression matrices were processed using Scanpy