in diabetic rodents, Fan and colleagues [77] demonstrated that intravitreal exedin-4 injection reduced retinal cell loss, maintained Bcl-2/Bax ratios, whose imbalance is associated with retinal cell apoptosis, prevented activation of pro-apoptotic AKT, and prevented excess reactive gliosis
doi:10.1210/endo.133.4.8404634
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cAMP activates PKA and Epac-2 signal transduction pathways, PKA and Epac-2 lead to the closure of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, which in turn causes depolarization of the cell membrane and opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels, resulting in uptake of calcium and stimulation of the exocytosis of insulin granules and blood glucose control of T2DM patients
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