Because B12 is water-soluble, there is no toxicity
Pernicious anaemia , the autoimmune condition causing B12 malabsorption, may coexist with other autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune thyroid disease and, less commonly, rheumatoid arthritis
That matters when your target dose is 2.5 mg, because a 0.6 mg error represents a 24% deviation from your intended dose
Appearance is diagnostic in a way it is not for peptides: 5-amino-1MQ is typically a yellow to orange solid rather than a white lyophilised cake, so anyone judging the material by expecting a white powder will conclude something is wrong when it is not, and equally will miss a genuine colour change that indicates degradation
One key player in this response is posited to be MST1, a protein that increases its activity in the presence of oxidative stress
The body then expels it through urine, rather than binding to other cells