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Furuta, E
Cell Metab 8: 532-539, 2008
Selenite can be reduced to selenide and elemental Se by the action of TXNRD1 (Kumar et al., 1992), an essential selenoprotein ranking high in the selenoprotein hierarchy (Kuhbacher et al., 2009)
Formulation and Delivery Comparison# Afamelanotide (Scenesse)# The pharmaceutical formulation uses a controlled-release bioresorbable implant: Melanotan-1 (Research Peptide)# The research peptide version is sold as lyophilized powder: Mechanism of Action# Both afamelanotide and melanotan-1 share the same mechanism: MC1R binding : The peptide binds to melanocortin-1 receptors (MC1R) on melanocytes with high affinity and longer duration than native alpha-MSH Adenylyl cyclase activation : MC1R activation stimulates adenylyl cyclase, increasing intracellular cAMP PKA/CREB pathway : cAMP activates protein kinase A, which phosphorylates CREB transcription factor MITF induction : CREB activates the MITF gene, the master regulator of melanocyte function Eumelanin synthesis : MITF upregulates tyrosinase and other enzymes in the eumelanin biosynthetic pathway Photoprotection : Increased eumelanin provides UV absorption and free radical scavenging The key distinction from alpha-MSH is the substitutions at positions 4 (norleucine replaces methionine) and 7 (D-phenylalanine replaces L-phenylalanine), which increase metabolic stability from minutes to hours
Preparing meals in advance removes the friction of cooking when you have zero desire to eat
Takeuchi M, Sakasai-Sakai A, Takata T, Takino JI, Koriyama Y, Kikuchi C
