Ethics declarations Competing interests KGW and VJNB are co-founders and shareholders of Aprea Therapeutics AB, a company that develops novel p53-based cancer therapy
Int J Mol Sci 2025;26:2691
In contrast, a B12 injection (typically administered into a muscle, known as an intramuscular injection) bypasses the entire digestive system
Its essential for: Red blood cell formation Neurological function DNA synthesis Metabolism of fats and carbohydrates Energy production Since B12 is naturally found in animal products such as meat, dairy, and eggs, individuals following vegetarian or vegan diets are often more susceptible to deficiencies
Yes, storage protocols differ significantly
Stanimirovic J, Radovanovic J, Banjac K, Obradovic M, Essack M, Zafirovic S, et al