B12 deficiency is especially risky for vegetarians, the elderly, and people with absorption issues, such as those with Crohns disease.
The dosage is preferable in the range from 10 -5 to 10 -2 mg/kg of body weight, applied systemically or topically in higher concentration between 0.1% to 0.5%
Endocrinology and metabolism 298 , E751E760, doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00745.2009 (2010)
Since many athletes take NSAIDs or experience GI distress from intense physical stress, BPC-157 may also help support gut lining integrity, reduce GI inflammation, and promote systemic balance
How Vitamin B12 Affects Sleep and Energy Levels Understanding the relationship between vitamin B12, sleep, and energy requires examining the vitamin's physiological roles and its impact on neurological function
BMC Complement Altern Med