Castle later labeled the essential substance secreted by a normal stomach as intrinsic factor and the substance present in food as extrinsic factor. Subsequent studies showed that the intrinsic factor serves as an intestinal transport vehicle for the extrinsic factor (later identified as vitamin B12) (139)
The key driver of results is sustained supplementation over weeks rather than a single well-timed dose
While some chronic conditions are influenced by the direct metabolic and hormonal effects of the medication, others improve due to the weight loss caused by the medication
While neither metformin nor GLP-1 drugs typically cause hypoglycemia , GLP-1s offer a broader set of benefits, particularly for those looking to lose weight or manage metabolic syndrome
Depending on the type of insulin you use, it may work quickly, slowly, or across the entire day
Exercise, as a critical adjunct to pharmacological therapy, has been extensively shown to confer multiple therapeutic benefits in NDDs, including suppression of neuronal ferroptosis, mitigation of neuroinflammation, reduction of Tau hyperphosphorylation, and enhancement of cognitive performance (Gutierre et al., 2025)