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doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110462
KPV, also known as Lysine-proline-valine, is a naturally occurring tripeptide [that] has been shown to attenuate the inflammatory responses of colonic cells[and] exerts its anti-inflammatory function inside cells, where it inactivates inflammatory pathways (Xiao et al., 2017)
And both contain a lot more ingredients than does the spray
2,7-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCFDA) was used for reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement
Plus, says Barrient, the shots may be covered by insurance if your doctor can show that you can really benefit from them
For inflammatory bowel disease, mesalamine, corticosteroids, immunomodulators (azathioprine, methotrexate), and biologics (infliximab, adalimumab, vedolizumab, ustekinumab) all have Level 1 evidence from Phase III trials with thousands of patients
