acting upon different organs such as the pancreatic islets, the hypothalamus or the stomach, for the release of insulin, to regulate food intake or gastric emptying respectively ( Surprisingly, this heterogeneous and highly plastic population of cells is known to differentiate from a single staminal progenitor that gives also rise to enterocytes, goblet and paneth cells ( It has been known for more than a century that the gut is capable to stimulate the endocrine portion of the pancreas and even improve the hyperglycaemic state of diabetic patients ( In the last three decades, the incretin-effect has been attributed primarily to two peptide hormones, the gastric-insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), excreted primarily by duodenal (K) and ileo-colonic (L) enteroendocrine cells respectively ( Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are chronic diseases for which the most effective treatment is bariatric surgery

13 In the CVOTs, GLP-1 RAs were associated with a reduction in new-onset HF among patients with cardiovascular risk factors, but neutral effects were observed on HF events among patients with already diagnosed and stable HF
Benjamin, J., Levine, J., Fux, M., Aviv, A., Levy, D., & Belmaker, R
L-carnitine in sport L-carnitine is a crucial factor in energy supply and physical performance
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