Causes can include autoimmune gastritis, some stomach or bowel surgery, and other gastrointestinal conditions
When stratified by administration route, the mean percentage changes were: Intramuscular (IM): 307% Oral: 285% Sublingual: 199% IM administration showed the highest average B12 increase, although oral and sublingual routes also yielded substantial improvements, supporting their use as effective and less invasive alternatives
It stays ready to neutralize dangerous reactive oxygen species
2006 Mar-Apr;20(2):253-7
Thus, for a concentration of 1mg/mL, which is often used for ease of calculation, researchers can mix 5mg of BPC-157 with 5mL of bacteriostatic water
Santra M, Zhang ZG, Yang J, Santra S, Santra S, Chopp M, Morris DC