A., Pagnin, E., Davis, P
doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305380 117 KnudsenLBLauJ
A 2025 systematic review found no clinical safety data and only one clinical study, so animal findings do not establish human efficacy
In contrast, Nrf2 activators, such as sulforaphane, have been found to prevent homocysteine- or hydrogen peroxide-induced cataract formation in human lens epithelial cells by increasing nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and expressions of cellular antioxidants, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione
"The NADPH-dependent thioredoxin system constitutes a functional backup for cytosolic glutathione reductase in Arabidopsis"
All these observations were confirmed and supported by in vitro experimental data, including evaluation of cytotoxic effects on healthy RBCs [269,270,271]