Dosing in animal models ranges from 1020mcg/kg daily for BPC-157 and 24mg total dose twice weekly for TB-4, administered subcutaneously near the affected region
(1995b)
Betaine can effectively delay the progression of fibrosis by downregulating TGF-1, alpha-smooth muscle actin ( -SMA), and collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), regulating the balance of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1/-2, and inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells (23, 125, 134136)
Its especially useful after antibiotics, gut stress, or inflammation-driven breakouts
We are also explicit with our patients about the FDAs position: the US FDA urges caution around unapproved or compounded GLP-1 formulations that may be unsafe
Mechanism in research literature The most-cited mechanistic finding is that BPC-157 activates the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in vascular endothelial cells (PMID 27847966)