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Oxidative stress, marked by increased ROS production and GSH consumption, is implicated in various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia 4,5
Depletion of total GSH also directly impacts on E GSH and thus mutants with defects in GSH biosynthesis may cause constitutive activation or inactivation of respective signaling pathways
Some in vitro studies have indicated that new therapies, such as sodium hyaluronate/bioactive glass composite hydrogels (BG/HA), mesenchymal stem cells and adipose stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles, have efficacy to treat OSF but further clinical validation are still required 23,24,25
doi: 10.1177/0883073812445787 84
It is well established that humans can smoke for years without any major health complications, while rodents can be exposed for months on end without any ill effect