Financial disclosure The authors have the following to disclose: support provided by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (HI21C0694, Development of treatment for intractable skin diseases using low-molecular compounds with enhanced Wnt/beta-catenin), Republic of Korea
Graphical abstract Similar content being viewed by others Introduction Vitamin B12 (B12) represents a family of compounds called cobalamins, which possess the same core structure but different upper -ligands (Fig
Understanding these mechanisms helps explain why this peptide has attracted significant research interest for anti-aging applications
Biologically active vitamin B12 compounds in foods for preventing deficiency among vegetarians and elderly subjects
Frequent denial causes include missing or incorrect modifiers, insufficient documentation of medical necessity, exceeding frequency limitations without proper justification, using incorrect anatomical site descriptors, and lack of supporting diagnosis codes
The appreciably high incidence of mitochondrial diseases highlights a growing need to devise effective therapeutic strategies