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Tomson et al., 2023), as shown in Figure 1B

( Pharmaceuticals , 2026) reviewed BPC-157 in Achilles tendon repair and muscle-to-bone healing, with proposed mechanisms involving EGR-1 gene upregulationa transcription factor important in tendon and ligament repair

Reduced T3 levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) mRNA, protein in Leydig cells, and testosterone production occur (65)

Dietary antioxidants in the mediterranean diet

Staying well-hydrated helps regulate digestion, reduces headaches, supports energy levels, and may even reduce cravings

In these areas, studies reported reduced activity of non-ETC mitochondrial enzymes, such as aconitase and pyruvate dehydrogenase