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Some peptides mainly enhance sperm motility by providing mitochondrial support, membrane stability, or antioxidant effects
Rapid enzymatic degradation limited oral bioavailability, short plasma half-lives, and pleiotropic signaling profiles confined peptides largely to hormone replacement therapies or niche endocrine indications
Guillemin, G
& Milner, J
These mechanisms are supported in animal models and early-phase human studies, but more large-scale trials are needed to confirm their real-world relevance
The astaxanthin comes from AstaPure, a branded ingredient produced using a sustainable, solvent-free CO extraction process that research indicates is superior to others
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