It also performs Thiol Buffering, which maintains the reduced state of sulfhydryl groups on essential proteins, preventing oxidative damage and preserving protein function
The resulting ROS can damage mitochondria [221], triggering the release of CytC and activating downstream caspase cascades culminating in apoptosis [222]
D.SenerA.MalaisseW
Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction amplifies ROS production, establishing a vicious cycle of oxidative stress that expands the scope of cellular injury
However, unlike gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), vitamin C is unable to increase cellular glutathione (GSH) [6]
Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by massive intra-articular infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophages, leading to articular immune dysfunction, severe synovitis, and ultimately joint erosion