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One cup of fresh, chopped leaves (21 grams [g]) Calories: 13 Protein: 2 g Vitamin B6: 19% of the RDA Vitamin C: 12% of the RDA Iron: 11% of the RDA Riboflavin (B2): 11% of the RDA Vitamin A (from beta-carotene): 9% of the RDA Magnesium: 8% of the RDA In Western countries, the dried leaves are sold as dietary supplements, either in powder or capsule form
Pure water was obtained from a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, USA)
Because oral glutathione has limited bioavailability without specialized delivery formulations much of it is broken down before it can act systemically
Cilio, M
Niacinamide (Vitamin B3): A multi-functional ingredient that strengthens the moisture barrier, improves skin elasticity, and treats uneven tone for a more uniform complexion
This research was supported by a faculty start-up fund from Pennsylvania State University, NSF CAREER IOS-2144082, the USDA National Institute of Food and Federal Appropriations under Hatch Project #PEN04770 and Accession #1010058
