It is important to note that PIONEER 3 was a larger trial than PIONEER 12 (1864 participants vs 1441 participants, respectively) and had a longer duration (78 weeks with 5 weeks of follow-up vs 26 weeks with 5 weeks of follow-up, respectively) [18]
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Short answer: raising circulating Lcarnitine is fast, but changing the carnitine content inside muscle fibers is slow and requires chronic dosing plus insulinmediated uptake
While these observational studies cannot prove causation, the consistency of the signal across different populations, healthcare systems, and analytical methods has strengthened the case for randomized trials
It is not approved by the FDA for weight loss but can be prescribed off-label for weight loss, which makes it difficult to secure insurance coverage
Apply 2-3 drops directly to the scalp