Beyond direct antioxidant actions, exerkines modulate inflammatory signaling, a process closely intertwined with oxidative stress in DR, by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhancing anti-inflammatory mediators (124, 169)
Conversely, the effects of these supplements on muscle recovery from resistance training are poorly elucidated
The primary pathological hallmark of PD is the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta
Supplementation of LAC can induce neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects of the peripheral nervous system by increasing the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), especially in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (9395)
Most individuals begin to see visible benefits within 4 to 8 weeks, with progressive enhancement over time
doi:10.1007/s00394-019-02123-0